How does the inode map to data block of a file? Posted: Inode has 13 block addresses. The first 10 are direct block addresses of the first 10 data blocks in the file. The 11th address points to a one-level index block. The 12th address points to a two-level (double in-direction) index block. The 13th address points to a three-level(triple in-direction)index block. This provides a very large [...] |
| Discuss the mount and unmount system calls ? Posted: The privileged mount system call is used to attach a file system to a directory of another file system; the unmount system call detaches a file system. When you mount another file system on to your directory, you are essentially splicing one directory tree onto a branch in another directory tree. The first argument to [...] |
| How do you create special files like named pipes and device files? Posted: The system call mknod creates special files in the following sequence. 1. kernel assigns new inode, 2. sets the file type to indicate that the file is a pipe, directory or special file, 3. If it is a device file, it makes the other entries like major, minor device numbers. For example: If the device is a disk, major device [...] |
| Posted: FIFO are otherwise called as ‘named pipes’. FIFO (first-in-first-out) is a special file which is said to be data transient. Once data is read from named pipe, it cannot be read again. Also, data can be read only in the order written. It is used in interprocess communication where a process writes to one end [...] |
| What are links and symbolic links in UNIX file system? Posted: A link is a second name (not a file) for a file. Links can be used to assign more than one name to a file, but cannot be used to assign a directory more than one name or link filenames on different computers. Symbolic link ‘is’ a file that only contains the name of another file.Operation [...] |
| How do you change File Access Permissions? Posted: Every file has following attributes: owner’s user ID ( 16 bit integer ) owner’s group ID ( 16 bit integer ) File access mode word ‘r w x -r w x- r w x’ (user permission-group permission-others permission) r-read, w-write, x-execute To change the access mode, we use chmod(filename,mode). Example 1: To change mode of myfile to ‘rw-rw-r–’ (ie. read, write permission for user [...] |
| What are the Unix system calls for I/O? Posted: open(pathname,flag,mode) - open file creat(pathname,mode) - create file close(filedes) - close an open file read(filedes,buffer,bytes) - read data from an open file write(filedes,buffer,bytes) - write data to an open file lseek(filedes,offset,from) - position an open file dup(filedes) - duplicate an existing file descriptor dup2(oldfd,newfd) - duplicate to a desired file descriptor fcntl(filedes,cmd,arg) - change properties of an open file ioctl(filedes,request,arg) - change the behaviour [...] |
| Brief about the directory representation in UNIX ? Posted: A Unix directory is a file containing a correspondence between filenames and inodes. A directory is a special file that the kernel maintains. Only kernel modifies directories, but processes can read directories. The contents of a directory are a list of filename and inode number pairs. When new directories are created, kernel makes two entries [...] |
| Posted: All UNIX files have its description stored in a structure called ‘inode’. The inode contains info about the file-size, its location, time of last access, time of last modification, permission and so on. Directories are also represented as files and have an associated inode. In addition to descriptions about the file, the inode contains pointers [...] |
| How are devices represented in UNIX? Posted: All devices are represented by files called special files that are located in/dev directory. Thus, device files and other files are named and accessed in the same way. A ‘regular file’ is just an ordinary data file in the disk. A ‘block special file’ represents a device with characteristics similar to a disk (data transfer [...] |
| What does the following command line produce? Explain each aspect of this line ? Posted: $ (date ; ps -ef | awk ‘{print $1}’ | sort | uniq | wc -l ) >> Activity.log First let’s dissect the line: The date gives the date and time as the first command of the line, this is followed by the a list of all running processes in long form with UIDs listed first, [...] |
| What is the most graceful way to get to run level single user mode? Posted: The most graceful way is to use the command init s. If you want to shut everything down before going to single user mode then do init 0 first and from the ok prompt do a boot -s. |
| Write a command to find all of the files which have been accessed within the last 30 days ? Posted: This command will find all the files under root, which is ‘/’, with file type is file. ‘-atime -30′ will give all the files accessed less than 30 days ago. And the output will put into a file call December.files. |
| What is the main advantage of creating links to a file instead of copies of the file? Posted: The main advantage is not really that it saves disk space (though it does that too) but, rather, that a change of permissions on the file is applied to all the link access points. The link will show permissions of lrwxrwxrwx but that is for the link itself and not the access to the file [...] |
| Posted: LILO stands for Linux boot loader. It will load the MBR, master boot record, into the memory, and tell the system which partition and hard drive to boot from. |
| What is CVS? List some useful CVS commands.(Asked by Silicon Magic Corp.people) Posted: CVS is Concurrent Version System. It is the front end to the RCS revision control system which extends the notion of revision control from a collection of files in a single directory to a hierarchical collection of directories consisting of revision controlled files. These directories and files can be combined together to form a software [...] |
| What is NFS? What is its job?(Asked by Silicon Magic Corp. people) Posted: NFS stands for Network File System. NFS enables filesystems physically residing on one computer system to be used by other computers in the network, appearing to users on the remote host as just another local disk. |
| In Unix OS, what is the file server? (Asked by Silicon Magic Corp. people) Posted: The file server is a machine that shares its disk storage and files with other machines on the network. |
| Posted: We can use two major techniques to handle the collisions. They are open addressing and separate chaining. In open addressing, data items that hash to a full array cell are placed in another cell in the array. In separate chaining, each array element consist of a linked list. All data items hashing to a given [...] |
| What is the major advantage of a hash table? (Asked by Silicon Magic Corp. people) Posted: The major advantage of a hash table is its speed. Because the hash function is to take a range of key values and transform them into index values in such a way that the key values are distributed randomly across all the indices of a hash table. |
PLEASE CHECK.IMPORTANT
Wednesday, February 11, 2009
TECHNICAL QUESTIONS
TECHNICAL QUESTIONS
Is the Process before and after the swap are the same? Give reason? Posted: Process before swapping is residing in the primary memory in its original form. The regions (text, data and stack) may not be occupied fully by the process, there may be few empty slots in any of the regions and while swapping Kernel do not bother about the empty slots while swapping the process out. After [...] |
| What are the events done by the Kernel after a process is being swapped out from the main memory? Posted: When Kernel swaps the process out of the primary memory, it performs the following: Kernel decrements the Reference Count of each region of the process. If the reference count becomes zero, swaps the region out of the main memory, Kernel allocates the space for the swapping process in the swap device, Kernel locks the other swapping process while [...] |
| Posted: A Region is a continuous area of a process’s address space (such as text, data and stack). The kernel in a ‘Region Table’ that is local to the process maintains region. Regions are sharable among the process. |
| Posted: Kernel follows Round Robin scheme choosing a swap device among the multiple swap devices in Unix System V. |
| Posted: A Map is an Array, which contains the addresses of the free space in the swap device that are allocatable resources, and the number of the resource units available there. This allows First-Fit allocation of contiguous blocks of a resource. Initially the Map contains one entry – address (block offset from the starting of the swap [...] |
| What is the main goal of the Memory Management? Posted: It decides which process should reside in the main memory, Manages the parts of the virtual address space of a process which is non-core resident, Monitors the available main memory and periodically write the processes into the swap device to provide more processes fit in the main memory simultaneously. |
| Posted: Historic Unix uses Swapping – entire process is transferred to the main memory from the swap device, whereas the Unix System V uses Demand Paging – only the part of the process is moved to the main memory. Historic Unix uses one Swap Device and Unix System V allow multiple Swap Devices. |
| What is the difference between Swapping and Paging? Posted: Swapping: Whole process is moved from the swap device to the main memory for execution. Process size must be less than or equal to the available main memory. It is easier to implementation and overhead to the system. Swapping systems does not handle the memory more flexibly as compared to the paging systems. Paging: Only the required [...] |
| What is IPC? What are the various schemes available? Posted: The term IPC (Inter-Process Communication) describes various ways by which different process running on some operating system communicate between each other. Various schemes available are as follows: Pipes: One-way communication scheme through which different process can communicate. The problem is that the two processes should have a common ancestor (parent-child relationship). However this problem was fixed [...] |
| How do you execute one program from within another? Posted: The system calls used for low-level process creation are execlp() and execvp(). The execlp call overlays the existing program with the new one , runs that and exits. The original program gets back control only when an error occurs. execlp(path,file_name,arguments..); //last argument must be NULL A variant of execlp called execvp is used when the [...] |
| What is an advantage of executing a process in background? Posted: The most common reason to put a process in the background is to allow you to do something else interactively without waiting for the process to complete. At the end of the command you add the special background symbol, &. This symbol tells your shell to execute the given command in the background. Example: cp *.* [...] |
| Posted: The kill command takes the PID as one argument; this identifies which process to terminate. The PID of a process can be got using ‘ps’ command. |
| Posted: The ps command prints the process status for some or all of the running processes. The information given are the process identification number (PID),the amount of time that the process has taken to execute so far etc. |
| Posted: A daemon is a process that detaches itself from the terminal and runs, disconnected, in the background, waiting for requests and responding to them. It can also be defined as the background process that does not belong to a terminal session. Many system functions are commonly performed by daemons, including the sendmail daemon, which handles [...] |
| What Happens when you execute a command? Posted: When you enter ‘ls’ command to look at the contents of your current working directory, UNIX does a series of things to create an environment for ls and the run it: The shell has UNIX perform a fork. This creates a new process that the shell will use to run the ls program. The shell [...] |
| What Happens when you execute a program? Posted: When you execute a program on your UNIX system, the system creates a special environment for that program. This environment contains everything needed for the system to run the program as if no other program were running on the system. Each process has process context, which is everything that is unique about the state of [...] |
| What are the process states in Unix? Posted: As a process executes it changes state according to its circumstances. Unix processes have the following states: Running : The process is either running or it is ready to run . Waiting : The process is waiting for an event or for a resource. Stopped : The process has been stopped, usually by receiving a signal. Zombie : The [...] |
| Posted: When a program forks and the child finishes before the parent, the kernel still keeps some of its information about the child in case the parent might need it - for example, the parent may need to check the child’s exit status. To be able to get this information, the parent calls `wait()’; In the [...] |
| How can a parent and child process communicate? Posted: A parent and child can communicate through any of the normal inter-process communication schemes (pipes, sockets, message queues, shared memory), but also have some special ways to communicate that take advantage of their relationship as a parent and child. One of the most obvious is that the parent can get the exit status of the [...] |
| How can you get/set an environment variable from a program?: Posted: Getting the value of an environment variable is done by using `getenv()’. Setting the value of an environment variable is done by using `putenv()’. |
TECHNICAL QUESTIONS
What is the advantage of packaging over xcopy in .NET ? Posted: With the help of xcopy we solve the problem of DLL HELL and com dependencies when we make xcopy of project all the dll, dependencies, assembly are updated automaticaly it’s a powerful feature of .NET |
| What is the difference between DataTable and DataSet? Posted: Data table is a collection of record’s that consist the single table Whenever dataset is collection of data table and it is provide interface between database and datatable 1 dataset consist multiple table. |
| What is the size of .NET object? Posted: Each instance of a reference type has two fields maintained by the runtime - a method table pointer and a sync block. These are 4 bytes each on a 32-bit system, making a total of 8 bytes per object overhead. Obviously the instance data for the type must be added to this to get the [...] |
| Posted: Delegates are used as pointer to hold the controls actually i used the delegates when there is problem in VB.Net 2005 where each control is already threaded, to use my personla thread on these control i used delegates Ex: Private Delegate Sub dd() Dim d1 As New dd(AddressOf c1) Dim t1 As New Threading.Thread(AddressOf thread1) public sub Thread1() r1 = Me.Label1.BeginInvoke(d1) Me.Label1.EndInvoke(r1) end sub Public [...] |
| Posted: The Microsoft Certified Application Developer (MCAD) credential provides industry recognition for professional developers who build powerful applications using Microsoft Visual Studio .NET and Web services on the Microsoft .NET Framework 1.0 and Microsoft .NET Framework 1.1 |
| What is the difference between manifest and metadata? Posted: Manifest and metadata are 2 parts of assembly architecture. Manifest is used for storing AssemblyName, AssemblyTitle, publicKey. Metadata contains Namespaces, Classes |
| Posted: Dim arr(1, 2) As String arr(0, 0) = “Sandip” arr(0, 1) = “India” arr(1, 0) = “Jon Doe” arr(1, 1) = “US” Console.WriteLine(arr.GetUpperBound(0).ToString()) [...] |
| How to convert mm/dd/yyyy to dd/mm/yyyy. Posted: DateTimePicker1.Format = DateTimePickerFormat.Custom DateTimePicker1.CustomFormat = “MM-dd-yyyy” DateTimePicker1.Text = Now MsgBox(DateTimePicker1.Text) DateTimePicker1.CustomFormat = “dd-MM-yyyy” DateTimePicker1.Text = Now MsgBox(DateTimePicker1.Text) |
| Posted: dim con as sqlconnection con=new sqlconnection(”server=visuall;database=urdbname;uid=sa;password=urpassword”) con.open() dimquerycommand as sqlcommand dim reader as sqldatareader querycommand=new sqlcommand(”select * from emp”,con) reader=querycommand.executereader() while(reader.reader()) listbox1.items.add(reader(0).tostring() & ” ” & reader(1).tostring() ) end while |
| What are the benefits of using Class Library? Posted: Simple!. Why do we have public library? Because once a book is written, many people can subscribe to it, and re-use it again and again. Right? In the same way once you create your own class libraries which have multiple functions and procedures, they can be published for your own use, as well as others rewriting [...] |
RESUME TIPS
Resume Tips
One of the most important factors for landing a job is your resume. It is often the first impression that a potential employer has of you. Therefore your resume must capture the employer�s attention. Within 30 seconds. Because he is normally flooded with resumes. Remember your resume does not get you the job. It is the interview that gets you the job. The resume gets you the interview call.
Here are some helpful tips regarding resume writing:
DOs
- Keep it concise. But mention all details relevant to the job. Your work experience must be mentioned in detail along with all machinery, tools, systems etc. that you have handled or are familiar with.
- Leave spaces between your experiences for easier reading.
- Use a logical order or arrangement to make it easy to follow and read
- List your education first.
- Always mention your telephone number for easy accessibility.
- Avoid verbose language, poor grammar, spelling errors, overuse of the
same adjectives or verbs. - Keep description clear and to the point.
- Use a laser printer and traditional type fonts like Times-Roman, Arial
or Palatino. Align your resume properly. Headings should advisably
be in bold type. - Qualify and quantify what you have to offer to the organization.
- Include as much work information as possible. The information must be
regarding the job applied for. - Avoid personal information like height, weight etc.
- Print your resume on conventional white paper.
- Be honest. Never lie or pad the truth about your job duties or over
stretch your accomplishment. - Keep the resume employer centered.
- Be prepared to back up all your resume notations with proof at the
time of interview.
DON'Ts
- Do not clutter up your resume with too much unnecessary information.
- Do not lie about your experience or accomplishments. If the boss
finds out that you have fabricated your experience and accomplishments,
after hiring you could be sacked.
INTERVIEW TIPS
Lot of patchwork is normally done by the candidate before appearing in any interview, albeit to no avail. We do the legwork just for you to facilitate with a complete and up-to-date research tool for appearing in any interview. We are medi ator between client and candidate in providing
services to both.
Here are some helpful tips regarding appearing for interviews:
>> Entering in the room
Enter in the room with due permission of the interviewer. Shake hands firmly and wish the interviewer as per time of day. Radiate your confidence with smile. Dress conservatively. Be always on time. Be a stickler for promptness while answering the questions with aplomb. Spontaneity is the buzzword. Remember the interviewer' s name.
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ------
>> Body Language
When the interviewer tells you to sit or gestures you to sit down then do so after thanking him. Look alert. Sit up erect. Maintain eye contact with the interviewer all the time. Speak with confidence and assurance. Interviewers like candidates who are not shaky but are enthusiastic and responsive.
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ------
>> Straight Answers
Answer questions openly, spontaneously without holding back and beating about the bush. Yet be direct and to the point, avoiding long, drawn-out explanations. It never pays to present answers made up of miscellaneous or incongruous ideas.
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ------
>> Keep it Simple and Straight:
If put on the defensive (e.g. "Why do you shift jobs so frequently?" Why are you changing now?") answer as simply and succinctly as possible. Keep smiling.
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ------
>> No carping
Don't dwell on carping and caviling at faults of manner of previous or present employer.
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ------
>> Be courteous
Do not smoke or chew gum during interviews. It shows the disrespect towards interviewer. Do not ask direct questions about salary or other benefits at the beginning of the interview. Do not slouch in the chair, tap your feet, play with eyeglasses, pencil, or fidget nervously.
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ------
>> Learn about the company
Do your homework and learn as much as you can about the company and the job requirement.
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ------
>> Start from the basics
Prepare and rehearse common questions and answers. For example - What was the nature of your job? What special skills did you acquire? Were any special goals were set for you? What was your day was like on your job? What were your strengths? Weaknesses? Why are you considering leaving your present job? Why are you interested in this company and how can you contribute?
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ------
>> If you have it, flaunt it
Ergo, stress your achievements. For example: Processes developed, sales records achieved, systems installed, absenteism reduced, product or production improved, etc.
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ------
>> Leave the door open
Never tell the interviewer that you are not interested in the job. Leave the door open. The first interview is not the place to turn down an offer. Do not tell about interviews you have had or plan to have.
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ------
>> Ask for the Job
If you are favorably impressed and know all the details of the position, then ask for the job.
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ------
>> Say thanks while concluding the interview
While concluding the interview, thank the interviewer for the time and consideration given you. Ask when you should meet again to discuss the position further. It often takes several interviews to obtain the job offer. Ask for a business card and give yours in return.
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ------
>> Don’t be anxious
There should be no room for anxiety even if you need the job desperately. (The company wants someone who is a winner and in demand.) Don't give the impression that beggars can never be choosers. Ask questions about the position -- show your serious and genuine interests in the duties and responsibilities of the position.
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ------
Besides the interviewer is no less perplexed over the knack of interviewing.
Modern industry is highly complex and work life in general, has generated an increasing awareness of interdependency of tasks / roles and the need to understand the individual’s preferred / dominant patterns of behavior, particularly in relation to people and in groups.
Knowledge and skills assessment alone have been shown up to be inadequate in predicting success in roles / organizations. This is further aggravated by the fact that presence of knowledge / skills is no guarantee that they will be deployed as desired.
Personal Interviews as a tool for Selection and internal sourcing, while being the most popular, promises much but often suffers on many counts.
Not enough interviewers are trained in the art of interviews. They are not prepared in advance; the process is often led less by the interviewer’s ability and more by his confidence in his judgment of people. They tend to play pop psychologists.
Not enough time is invested in the process to look for evidence and consistent patterns of behavior, extrapolations, assumptions and conjectures are made about how a candidate is likely to be / behave from limited data about the candidate. Interviewer’s own world-views, biases and prejudices (personal stances) affect his judgment. Focusing on what a candidate "knows" to the near exclusion of a good probe on "what" a candidate has done, "how", and the nature of his interfaces with others and the world at large.
Standardization of interview items and sequence, rigor in established benchmarks for responses and appraisal of responses is shunned as tedious, impractical and at best insipid and monotonous. The bottom line is: Comparisons are difficult and choice making is largely subjective, the "feel good" factor dominating the decision.
It is now well established by research that an individual’s values, motives, traits and other components that constitute the core of personality have a more enduring influence on patterns of deployment of energies and
behaviour. Factoring these in decision making on selection, fitness and development planning thus makes sound business sense.
Assessment tools developed by experts to profile aspects of personality provides a reliable basis for data generation about individuals and is time / cost effective! Professionals help in the absence of relevant training to interpret results of these tests is a useful step.
CANDIDATES CALL OUT FOR THE BEST
IN THE WAKE OF THE CURRENT FINANCIAL DOWNTURN, POTENTIAL CANDIDATES NEED TO MAXIMISE THEIR CHANCES TO GET THE BEST JOB AND EMPLOYERS TO GET THE BEST TALENT
Now more than ever, companies are becoming extremely selective when evaluating potential candidates. They are keen to test as many candidates before making an offer to ensure they get the best and most deserving. “Not only are companies becoming more selective, but with many more people looking for jobs, the competition is fierce,” opines Naveen Manjunath, managing director, Professional Aptitude Council (PAC) India.
“The key is to find ways to stand-out from the crowd,” - Naveen Manjunath, managing director, Professional Aptitude Council (PAC) India
Differentiate to gain…
Potential candidates need to understand that most people look very similar on their resume, so the key is to differentiate themselves. For example, candidates should look for opportunities to lead groups in their community, mentor young people in their community, and increase their training and certifications.
Differentiate to gain…
Potential candidates need to understand that most people look very similar on their resume, so the key is to differentiate themselves. For example, candidates should look for opportunities to lead groups in their community, mentor young people in their community, and increase their training and certifications.
“In the current financial downturn, applicants must have the ability to restructure their CVs as per the requirements of the positions they apply for. Keeping in mind the current recession, an applicant should also keep the expectation level reasonable,” says Parminder Kaur, head – HR, Tricom India, a non-voice BPO company.
Tapping global opportunities…
While it is true that potential candidates need to maximise their chance to get the best job, how can they tap the best opportunities available worldwide? “There are many online mediums that play the role of a mediator between the aspirants and big companies. These mediums provide a platform for the companies to connect with prospective candidates,” adds Kaur.
Tapping global opportunities…
While it is true that potential candidates need to maximise their chance to get the best job, how can they tap the best opportunities available worldwide? “There are many online mediums that play the role of a mediator between the aspirants and big companies. These mediums provide a platform for the companies to connect with prospective candidates,” adds Kaur.
To enable people to remain globally wired, PAC has created two communities – ‘Bright Sparks Society’ for students and the ‘PAC Honour Society’ for experienced professionals. This allows candidates to secure global credentials and rankings, attend speaker and networking events, and participate in training and education series.
“Since it is an internet based model and free for potential candidates, they stand to gain from it,” explains Manjunath.
During recession, companies come down in numbers of job positions and so a candidate ought to have high calibre and multi-tasking skills. Needless to say, it is important that a candidate in a slowdown scenario should focus on differentiating himself/herself from the r est. After all, those who stand from the rest of the crowd and don’t follow a “me-too” approach are the ones who last!
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)
